![]() A 2-sided P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using Graphpad Prism version 8.3.0 (Graphpad Software). Cytokine data are presented as geometric means (95% CIs) and analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance on log-transformed data followed by Dunnett post hoc tests. Patient characteristics were analyzed using Fisher exact or Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by Dunn post hoc tests. ![]() Cytokines in all cohorts were determined using the same methodology (Milliplex assay, Millipore, on a MAGPIX instrument, Luminex Corporation) by the same technician using the same protocol. Patients with immunological insufficiencies were excluded, defined as chronic/concomitant use of immunosuppressive medication, chemotherapy/radiotherapy in the last year or in the past for (non-)Hodgkin lymphoma, or humoral/cellular deficiencies. The patients with sepsis and trauma are part of larger published cohorts, 4, 5 whereas data of 14 patients with OHCA were previously published. Plasma concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and IL-8 were determined in consecutive mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19 with ARDS (partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio <300 sampled within 48 hours after ICU admission), bacterial septic shock with or without ARDS (sampled within 24 hours after septic shock diagnosis), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA sampled within 24 hours after ICU admission), and multiple traumas (sampled within 24 hours after trauma). ![]() ![]()
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